A Mini Review on CO₂ Capture and Separation Using Nanocellulose-Based Scaffolds

Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) has reached an unprecedented 430 ppm, warming the planet by 50% compared with pre-industrial times and prompting a search for a quick and effective solution to control CO₂ emissions. As a robust, renewable, biodegradable, and sustainable material, nanocellulose can serve as a strong support for many active molecules. Nanocellulose, whether in suspension, aerogel, or membrane form, is not sufficient for efficient CO₂ capture and separation; hence, active molecules, such as silanes, amines, zeolites, and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), are introduced via chemical modification, such as grafting, or via physical mixing as fillers or additives to make nanocellulose effective for CO₂ capture and separation. Introducing amine or silane molecules into nanocellulose has proven to be an effective strategy for achieving a satisfactory CO₂ absorption capacity exceeding 6 mmol/g. Nanocellulose membranes, when fabricated with MOFs or zeolites and used as a coating with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to create a thin-film composite membrane (TFC), can achieve CO₂ permeance of more than 600 GPU for CO₂ separation from flue gas, with CO₂/N₂ selectivity close to 40. This review provides an overview of nanocellulose-based CO₂ capture and separation materials developed over the last 10 years, along with the related challenges that must be overcome to meet current performance and demand. To facilitate readability, the author has provided a brief introduction to the origin, performance, and scale-up developments of nanocellulose at the start of this review.