Battery Pack for IoT Devices in a Harsh Outdoor Environment

Outdoor Internet of Things (IoT) sensor nodes require battery systems for which their behaviour and implementation limits are characterized under low-temperature and variableload conditions. This study documents a LiFePO₄ battery-pack prototype integrating a BQ29729DSET protection IC and a configured MAX17055ETB+T fuel gauge and descriptively compares its discharge runtime with that of a reference pack with a similar nominal capacity, comprising three parallel Samsung ICR18650-26H cells. Tests were conducted at -30 °C, 8 °C, and 25 °C under nominal load settings of 50, 100, and 200 mA. At 8 °C and 25 °C, the two configurations showed similar runtimes and nominal-current-based calculated capacities. At -30 °C, the LiFePO₄ assembly ran for 89.1 versus 66.0 h at 50 mA and 44.7 versus 37.2 h at 100 mA. An analysis based on the typical MCP1700 dropout characteristic bounds the portions of these LiFePO₄ runtimes recorded below the assumed regulation threshold at approximately 1.1 h and 0.9 h, respectively; even subtracting those complete intervals leaves positive differences of 33.3% and 17.7% relative to the reference runtimes. Complete current logs were unavailable; therefore, capacity and energy are reported only as nominal-current estimates. In the ICR18650-26H reference pack at -30 °C, the calculated capacity increased anomalously from 3302 to 4087 mAh as the nominal setting increased from 50 to 200 mA. The ICR cutoff remained above the estimated regulator-dropout thresholds, so dropout does not explain the anomaly; temperature, conditioning, and run-order effects cannot be excluded. Protection trip points and fuel-gauge accuracy were not experimentally verified. Our contribution is therefore reproducible design documentation combined with preliminary low-temperature runtime evidence rather than validation of a fully monitored and protected battery pack.