Machine Learning Reveals Role-Asymmetric Electronic Cooperation in Fe-Based Dual-Atom Catalysts

Dual-atom catalysts (DACs) provide a powerful platform for oxygen electrocatalysis, yet rational design remains limited by the lack of transferable mechanistic principles. Machine learning (ML) has the potential to address this gap, yet its role in mechanistic discovery remains largely underexplored despite its wide use in catalyst screening. Here, using extended phthalocyanines (M₁M₂-ePc), we establish an integrated DFT-ML-experiment framework that maps catalytic performance onto an interpretable electronic landscape. Screening 81 DFT-computed and 360 ML-predicted metal pairs identifies FeM-ePc as a promising bifunctional catalyst family. Notably, SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis highlights the importance of electronic background and the key role of the secondary metal in regulating catalytic activity. First-principles calculations further uncover a cooperative dual-descriptor mechanism, in which d-band center and charge transfer jointly govern bifunctional activity. Combining LASSO with SISSO yields compact analytical formulas that quantitatively reproduce η_ORR and η_OER, providing interpretable descriptors for DACs. Guided by these findings, FeCo-ePc-L with atomically dispersed Fe-Co sites was synthesized to experimentally examine the ML-guided prediction. This work highlights the utility of interpretable ML for mechanistic discovery in DACs by revealing role-asymmetric electronic cooperation between paired metal centers.