Toxicity Analysis from Leaves to Latex: Nano-Biomosquitocide as a Game-Changer

Over time, the use of chemically synthesized insecticides increased rapidly, leading to environmental harm, human health hazards, and the emergence of insecticidal resistance in insects. Sustainable development is critically needed, and innovative technology is essential for efficient mosquito control. A thorough analysis of 118 research and review papers from databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar and PubMed was conducted to compare the efficacy (LC values) of plant-derived extract and nanoparticle-based formulations. Nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized from plants using green nanotechnology represent a viable strategy for reducing mosquito vector populations. Plant-mediated nanoparticles derived from leaves, stems, flowers, latex, seeds, etc. exhibit high larvicidal and adulticidal characteristics against mosquito vector species, such as Aedes , the transmitter of dengue, Anopheles , the transmitter of malaria, and Culex , transmitting filariasis and others. Plant-derived nanoparticles like silver, copper, titanium, zinc, gold, etc. have shown promising results in combating potentially damaging insects. These nanoparticles maximize potency while minimizing non-target toxicity by utilizing bioactive phytochemicals present in plants. In terms of mechanism, nanoparticles and extract doses were tested for 24-74 hours for their activity, which resulted in the disruption of essential physiological processes in mosquito larvae, including cellular integrity, oxidative stress-mediated enzyme function, and physical harm to the exoskeleton and internal tissues. Furthermore, plant-derived nanoparticles offer affordability, stability, scalability, and biocompatibility, and the use of green nanoparticles could be an essential part of sustainable strategies to manage vectors. Despite promising laboratory results, extensive environmental impact studies and field testing are still necessary to translate these technologies into practical applications.