Marking methods for tracking and recapturing snakes around the world: An integrative review

Mark-recapture studies using marking techniques are crucial for understanding the ecology and behavior of snakes. This review aims to identify and compare the most common marking methods employed in snake ecology research, from traditional techniques to modern, innovative approaches. These methods facilitate global research on snake individualization, tracking, and recapture. We evaluated 1.533 papers encompassing over 482 species, the reviewed studies span 78 countries, reflecting a wide geographical distribution of snake marking research. The United States, Canada, Australia, and Brazil have contributed the most studies. Among the most widely used methods, radio telemetry remains essential for despite tracking its invasiveness and associated risks for snake's welfare. More recent innovations, such as fluorescent powder and elastomer marking, offer cost-effective, non-invasive alternatives, applicable across diverse species and habitats. Microchipping, a well-established method, continues to be a reliable option for long-term monitoring, with successful recaptures documented after over 30 years. Natural marks, recognized through photographs and drawings. This paper the importance of continually refining snake marking techniques to balance research efficacy with animal welfare. Future advancements should focus on improving durability, facilitating recapture, and minimizing disruptions to snake ecology, health, and behavior, ultimately supporting more effective autecological and population studies.