[Opsoclonus Myoclonus Ataxia: Diagnostic pathway and immunosuppressive treatment in opsoclonus-myoclonus]

Opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome (SOMA) is a rare neurological encephalopathy, probably of immunemediated etiology, which mainly affects infants and young children. It is frequently associated with neuroblastoma and carries a high risk of long-term neurological and cognitive sequelae. The aim of this study is to review the clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects of OMA in children, with an emphasis on early recognition and current therapeutic strategies. The diagnosis of SOMA is primarily clinical, based on the identification of opsoclonus, myoclonus, and ataxia, often accompanied by behavioral changes, sleep disturbances, and developmental regression. The etiological evaluation should include the search for neuroblastoma and the exclusion of other encephalopathies. Treatment focuses on early immunotherapy. Recent evidence supports the use of multimodal regimens combining corticosteroids, immunoglobulin, and immunosuppressive agents, as they are associated with lower relapse rates and better neurological outcomes. In conclusion, early recognition of Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome and early initiation of intensive immunotherapy are essential to reduce relapses and minimize neurological sequelae. Early multimodal strategies are currently the most recommended therapeutic approach.