Wireless IoT-enabled microneedle electroceutical for personalized and connected pain management

Chronic pain has historically been managed with pharmacological therapies, including opioids that provide potent analgesia, but their sustainability is limited by dose-dependent risks of misuse, addiction, and overdose. Electroceuticals offer a non-pharmacologic alternative by modulating neural pathways through electrical stimulation, but current invasive systems require surgery and clinical supervision, whereas non-invasive devices suffer from poor therapeutic efficacy caused by unstable skin-electrode impedance. Here, we present a thermoresponsive, electrically conductive adhesive microneedle (TEAM) electroceutical that integrates low-impedance microneedle arrays and conductive hydrogel coatings within a compact wireless platform enabling IoT-based telemedicine for safe, remotely managed pain therapy with robust therapeutic outcomes. Experimental and analytical results demonstrate that TEAM improves charge injection efficiency and neural activation while maintaining electrical and thermal safety. The device achieves superior analgesic efficacy compared to conventional gel-based transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in preclinical models, with performance comparable to pharmacological analgesics. IoT-enabled demonstrations further validate the feasibility of remote and scheduled therapy, as well as proof-of-concept automatically triggered neuromodulation guided by physiological pain-induced stress markers in human subjects. TEAM provides a foundation for scalable electroceutical therapy and holds promise for future preclinical-to-clinical translation toward real-world digital pain management.