Comprehensive Review of Synthesis, Structure, and Electrochemical Performance of LiFePO₄

Driven by the growth of the electric vehicle (EV) market, lithium-ion batteries have gained more attention. Olivine-structured lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄, LFP) nanomaterials are the most effective cathode materials for lithium-ion battery applications. In this paper, we review recent advances in LFP cathodes through a unified crystal structure-synthesis-performance-manufacturing framework. We discuss how precursor chemistry, synthesis routes, morphology control, carbon engineering, and doping strategies govern phase formation, charge transport, and electrochemical behavior. Particular attention is given to Fe²⁺ stabilization, synthesis strategy for specific morphology and performance, and emerging recycling and regeneration technologies. We further highlight opportunities in solid-state batteries, data-driven materials discovery, and operation under extreme conditions, with fast charging and high-tap-density electrode design. By connecting fundamental materials design with industrial implementation, this review provides a roadmap for translating laboratory innovations into next-generation LFP technologies for sustainable transportation and grid-scale energy storage.