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Updated: Sep 2, 2026

Atomic Force Microscopy Combined with Infrared Spectroscopy as a Tool to Probe Single Bacterium Chemistry
Published on: September 15, 2020
The multifaceted role of atomic force microscopy in bacteriology
Carolina Borrelli1, Edward J A Douglas2, Andrew M Edwards2
1Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AY, UK; Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AY, UK; London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, UK; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
Abstract:
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has become a powerful tool to provide nanoscale insights into the spatial organization, biomechanics, and intermolecular interactions of the cell envelopes of living bacteria in real time and under near-native conditions. Focusing on recent literature, we discuss how AFM has advanced our understanding of Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and mycobacterial cell envelope architectures, as well as the mechanisms of action of established and novel antimicrobials. We also summarize how AFM can be used to probe the adhesion, virulence, and immune evasion of pathogens through single-molecule and single-cell force spectroscopy.
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