Integrating single-cell transcriptomics with deep learning for glioblastoma treatment

Glioblastomas are aggressive, heterogeneous tumors that present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment. Despite advances in surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy with temozolomide (TMZ), the prognosis for glioblastoma patients remains poor, largely due to tumor heterogeneity and resistance mechanisms, such as genetic mutations in DNA repair pathways. To address these specific heterogenous qualities of glioblastoma, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has emerged as a powerful tool for characterizing glioblastoma tumors, enabling the identification of subpopulations that respond differently to treatment. However, utilizing the vast amount of data generated by scRNA-seq poses challenges in clinical applications. To overcome this challenge, computational models have been introduced to more effectively process patient scRNA-seq data into more digestible information for clinicians. More specifically, advanced deep learning approaches show promise for processing and analyzing patient scRNA-seq data, enhancing informed treatment approaches for highly heterogenous glioblastoma. This review aims to explain how scRNA-seq can be used to identify important areas of glioblastoma treatment resistance, evaluate current glioblastoma scRNA-seq-based deep learning models, and outline relevant training datasets to overcome patient scRNA-seq data availability limitations. Ultimately, these deep learning models can be utilized by researchers and clinicians to provide more informed and precise treatment to glioblastoma patients.