Perovskite Radiation Detectors: Emerging Applications, Testing Protocols, and Radiation Hardness

Halide perovskites are emerging semiconductor materials that can be synthesized from solution at a low cost. Recently, they have garnered significant attention for radiation detection applications owing to their incorporation of high atomic number elements, which enable efficient attenuation of photons and particles. Substantial progress has been made in leveraging perovskite semiconductors for radiation detection and imaging, although significant challenges remain. This Review uniquely addresses current gaps by providing a comprehensive analysis of characterization protocols, radiation-induced damage mechanisms, and self-healing behaviors in perovskite-based detectors. We critically evaluate the impact of beam calibration, ion migration, and air ionization artifacts on performance metrics such as sensitivity and detection limits, factors that have often been overlooked in prior reviews. Furthermore, we explore the radiation hardness of perovskite architectures under high-energy photon and particle exposure, offering insights into their operational reliability in extreme environments. To overcome current limitations, we highlight emerging material systems, including hybrid metal chalcogenides, MXenes, and metal-organic frameworks, which demonstrate enhanced stability, reduced toxicity, and multifunctionality. By integrating these perspectives, this Review establishes a foundation for advancing perovskite radiation detectors toward robust, scalable, and application-ready technologies.