[Systematic strategy and clinical practice of minimally invasive esthetic restoration for discolored teeth]

Tooth discoloration refers to abnormal changes in tooth color and can be classified into extrinsic staining, intrinsic discoloration, and mixed discoloration. It is a common esthetic concern that may significantly affect patients' appearance and psychological well-being. With the continuous development of minimally invasive esthetic dentistry, more precise and individualized treatment strategies have become available for the management of discolored teeth. This article systematically reviews the etiology, clinical assessment, and advances in minimally invasive esthetic restoration for tooth discoloration. A multidimensional assessment framework based on the degree of color change, the depth of color involvement, and the extent of tooth structure loss is summarized to facilitate clinical decision-making. According to the comprehensive assessment results, individualized treatment strategies, including professional cleaning, tooth bleaching, microabrasion, resin infiltration, direct composite restoration, porcelain veneers, and all-ceramic crowns, should be selected to maximize the preservation of natural tooth structure while achieving esthetic and functional rehabilitation. In addition, the article discusses material selection, adhesive strategies, and long-term maintenance from the perspective of biological stability, aiming to provide a reference for standardized, minimally invasive, and individualized esthetic management of discolored teeth.