Meridian systems as spatiotemporal networks: An internal body geographic information system

We propose a conceptual and methodological approach that treats the human body as an internal geographic information system (GIS) for studying meridian-related phenomena. Instead of searching for a single anatomical substrate, we reinterpret meridians as functional networks embedded in a body-centered coordinate system, where acupoints are modeled as both discrete nodes and probabilistic three-dimensional locations. This body-based spatial platform incorporates two key constructs: reaction fields, which map stimulation-evoked responses across body space and time, and indication fields, which map the spatial distribution of clinical indications. A multilayer body GIS can integrate sensation maps, pain drawings, thermography, electrophysiology, neuroimaging and indication databases. It can then quantify clustering, anisotropy and diffusion-like propagation, and compare meridian-based partitions with dermatomes, nerve fields and indication-based zones. By integrating spatial science and network theory, this perspective shifts meridian research from ontological debates toward empirically testable questions about internal geography. It establishes a spatial foundation for interpreting traditional East Asian medical concepts, and developing shared data structures, quantitative methods and reporting standards for meridian research. Please cite this article as: Ryu Y, Chae Y. Meridian systems as spatiotemporal networks: An internal body geographic information system. J Integr Med. 2026; Epub ahead of print.