[TCM digital human: an innovation engine driving TCM integrative pharmacology 2.0]

As the primary carrier of clinical treatment in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM), TCM formulae require elucidation of the interaction laws between their chemical substance basis and biological activities, which represents a key scientific issue in TCM research. The "TCM integrative pharmacology" theory previously proposed by our team has become an important paradigm in modern TCM research. However, current studies still face several limitations, including a static analytical perspective, insufficient spatiotemporal information, and unclear mechanisms of cross-organ coordinated regulation. Based on these challenges, this paper further proposes the innovative concept of a "TCM digital human". Guided by the integrative pharmacology research paradigm, and drawing on advanced technologies such as virtual cells and virtual physiological human systems, this framework integrates artificial intelligence and multiscale modeling approaches to construct a computable virtual life system with TCM characteristics, ranging from virtual cells and virtual organs to a digital human. This system provides key support for the digital representation of TCM theory and for the scientific elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of TCM formulae.