Neuropharmacology in the Era of Precision Medicine: From Synaptic Targets to Personalized Therapies

Neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders show wide variability in treatment response, thus limiting the effectiveness of traditional symptom-based neuropharmacology. Precision medicine offers a more targeted approach by combining pharmacogenomics, multi-omics data, and artificial intelligence to guide individualized therapy. It's a rapidly evolving field with demonstrable promise, but its broader clinical integration still depends on stronger biomarker validation, reproducibility across populations, equitable implementation, regulatory maturity, and prospective clinical utility studies. Genetic markers could predict drug metabolism, while multi-omics profiling enables the identification of disease-specific molecular patterns; in parallel, AI tools improve treatment prediction, integrate complex datasets, and accelerate drug discovery. Although some of these approaches are already used in clinical practice, most remain under development. This review presents a multi-layered approach that includes neurotransmitter pathways, pharmacogenomics, multi-omics analysis, artificial intelligence, and translational science, providing a more holistic insight and bridging the gap between synaptic mechanisms and personalized treatments.