Related Experiment Video
Updated: Sep 5, 2026
Evaluating Postural Control and Lower-extremity Muscle Activation in Individuals with Chronic Ankle Instability
Published on: September 18, 2020
Standard Versus Arm-Length-Normalized Conditions for Assessment of the Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability
Katie Sloma1, John Arvesen2,3, Ava Davis1
1Movement Science Lab Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children.
Background:
Criterion-based assessment of shoulder function includes screenings, such as the Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test (CKCUEST), to help identify deficits in stability, neuromuscular control, and proprioception. However, normative performance for the CKCUEST has been predominantly established in elite and collegiate athletes, and it has been shown that arm length, sex, and weight may influence performance.
Purpose:
To compare performance and establish agreement between standard versus arm-length-normalized testing positions in adolescent athletes and establish population-specific reference values.
Study Design:
Cross Sectional.
Methods:
Healthy athletes (ages 14-18 years) recruited from local teams, clubs, and youth sports organizations performed two conditions of the CKCUEST, standard and arm-length-normalized. Performance differences were evaluated using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test, with effect sizes (r), while agreement between conditions was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman analysis. Spearman correlations were used to assess associations with participant demographics and Mann-Whitney U tests were performed to compare contact versus overhead athletes.
Results:
One hundred fifty-four athletes (120 male, 16.5±1.2 years, 75.8±18.0 kg) participating in baseball, football, lacrosse, volleyball, basketball, water polo, and tennis were included for analysis. Performance was greater on the arm-length-normalized condition (standard: 23.0±5.8 taps; normalized: 23.9±5.5 taps, p<0.001). Agreement between conditions was good (ICC=0.86, 95%CI=0.80-0.90). The average change between conditions was -0.86±2.92 [-12.00-8.00], and 53.9% of participants performed better on the arm-length-normalized condition. Contact athletes performed more taps (standard: 25.0±6.0 taps; normalized: 25.3±5.9 taps) than overhead (standard: 20.2±4.2 taps; normalized: 21.9±4.5 taps, p<0.001) athletes.
Conclusion:
Performance on the arm-length-normalized condition was greater than performance at the standard distance condition in healthy adolescent athletes. The influence of arm length, body mass, and sport type suggests the arm-length-normalized condition is more suitable for assessment and differences between sport types highlights the importance of population-specific measures and reference values.
Level Of Evidence:
3.
