ARHGAP22 as a Potential Prognostic Biomarker in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: Insights into Tumor Immunity and...

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common subtype of kidney cancer and is characterized by substantial clinical heterogeneity, highlighting the need for reliable prognostic biomarkers. This study evaluated the expression pattern, prognostic relevance, and immune-related associations of ARHGAP22 in ccRCC using transcriptomic and clinical data from The Cancer Genome Atlas Kidney Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma (TCGA-KIRC) cohort, together with external validation data and protein-expression information from the Human Protein Atlas (HPA). ARHGAP22 expression was compared between tumor and adjacent normal tissues, and its associations with overall survival, clinicopathological characteristics, tumor microenvironment scores, and estimated immune-cell fractions were assessed. Co-expression and functional-enrichment analyses were also performed to characterize potential biological associations. ARHGAP22 was significantly upregulated in ccRCC tissues at the transcriptomic level, with corresponding differences observed in immunohistochemical images. High ARHGAP22 expression was associated with shorter overall survival, advanced clinicopathological features, and higher ImmuneScore, StromalScore, and ESTIMATEScore values. CIBERSORT-based analysis showed that the high-expression group had higher estimated fractions of M2 macrophages and regulatory T cells and lower estimated fractions of naïve B cells, resting mast cells, and activated dendritic cells after false discovery rate correction. Functional-enrichment analyses linked ARHGAP22-associated genes to immune-related processes, cell migration, and chemokine- and cytokine-mediated signaling pathways. These findings suggest that ARHGAP22 may represent a potential prognostic and immune-related biomarker in ccRCC, although further independent clinical and experimental validation is required.