New glycosides from the leaves of Lansium domesticum: Isolation, structural elucidation, and anti-inflammatory...

Phytochemical investigation of the leaves of Lansium domesticum (Meliaceae) resulted in the isolation of 10 glycosides, including three previously undescribed glycosides, designated as landomsides A-C (1-3). The structures of these glycosides were elucidated using extensive spectroscopic analyses (HRESIMS, 1D/2D NMR, and ECD data). All isolated glycosides were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on LPS-induced NO production in RAW264.7 macrophages. Glycosides 1-7 and 10 exhibited inhibitory activities, with IC₅₀ values ranging from 19.36 ± 1.60 to 52.18 ± 2.21 μM. Among them, glycosides 1, 2, and 10 showed the strongest activities, with IC₅₀ values of 19.36 ± 1.60, 20.06 ± 1.56, and 22.03 ± 1.81 μM, respectively. These compounds also inhibited TNF-α production, with glycoside 1 displaying the greatest activity (IC₅₀ = 13.96 ± 1.19 μM), followed by glycosides 10 (IC₅₀ = 19.82 ± 1.52 μM) and 2 (IC₅₀ = 26.77 ± 1.64 μM). Integrated network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses suggested that the active glycosides may exert their anti-inflammatory effects through the modulation of multiple inflammation-related targets and signaling pathways, providing a plausible mechanistic basis for their observed anti-inflammatory activity.