Flavonoids as Promising Natural Therapeutics in Ovarian Cancer Treatment: A Comprehensive Review

Ovarian cancer (OC) remains one of the most lethal malignancies among women due to late-stage diagnosis and limited therapeutic options. The discovery of novel, effective treatments is crucial to improving patient outcomes. Flavonoids, a diverse group of polyphenolic compounds found abundantly in fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants, have garnered significant attention for their anticancer properties, including their potential role in ovarian cancer treatment. This comprehensive review explores the molecular mechanisms underlying the anticancer effects of flavonoids in OC, highlighting their ability to modulate key signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and metastasis. Flavonoids exert their effects through antioxidant activity, inhibition of angiogenesis, and regulation of tumor suppressor genes and growth factors. Additionally, they interact with cellular signaling molecules such as the PI3K/Akt/mTOR, MAPK, and NF-κB pathways, influencing cell survival and death. Notably, flavonoids also enhance the cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents, making them valuable adjuncts in OC therapy. This review further discusses the pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and potential challenges in the clinical application of flavonoids as therapeutic agents for ovarian cancer. The findings suggest that flavonoids, due to their multifaceted mechanisms of action and relatively low toxicity, hold promise as adjunct or alternative therapies in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Future clinical trials are essential to validate their efficacy and safety in human OC patients.