Rehabilitation for Preterm Infants in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Mini-Review

Preterm birth is a major global health challenge, affecting approximately 15 million infants each year, with more than 60% born in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Advances in neonatal care have improved survival; however, limited access to early rehabilitation services contributes to persistent neurodevelopmental, motor, and cognitive impairments among preterm children. There is evidence that rehabilitation interventions, including physiotherapy, occupational therapy, speech and language therapy, and early developmental support, can play an important role in promoting optimal developmental outcomes. Despite this evidence, implementation strategies relevant to LMIC contexts are inconsistent and fragmented. This mini review aims to summarize current evidence on rehabilitation and early intervention strategies for preterm infants in LMICs. It identifies key barriers to early rehabilitation; and suggests practical strategies to improve access to and continuity of rehabilitation care. The review highlights knowledge gaps and identify opportunities to integrate early rehabilitation within neonatal and child health programmes in LMICs.