Lumbar Spine Motion Analysis: A Systematic Review of Segmental and Global Range of Motion

Accurate assessment of lumbar spine range of motion (ROM) is essential for evaluating spinal biomechanics, monitoring disease progression, and assessing outcomes following motion-preserving interventions. Numerous techniques have been developed to quantify lumbar motion, each differing in measurement principles, accuracy, and clinical applicability. This review synthesizes current methods for assessing segmental and global lumbar spine ROM. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed using the terms "lumbar spine" AND "motion analysis" OR "motion evaluation" OR "motion assessment." Peer-reviewed English-language studies published between 2000 and 2025 were screened according to predefined eligibility criteria. Eligible studies were categorized based on assessment methodology and clinical application. Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria and evaluated a range of lumbar spine motion assessment techniques, including dynamic fluoroscopic systems, advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional X-ray analysis, motion capture systems, and wearable inertial measurement units (IMU). Dynamic imaging and computer-assisted analysis generally demonstrated improved measurement precision compared with conventional radiographic assessment, while MRI-based and wearable technologies offered radiation-free or ambulatory alternatives. Each modality demonstrated distinct advantages and limitations with respect to measurement accuracy, practicality, and clinical application. A wide range of techniques is available for lumbar spine motion analysis, each offering unique strengths and limitations. Although conventional radiographs remain widely used in clinical practice, emerging technologies provide enhanced dynamic assessment and greater measurement precision. Continued standardization of imaging protocols and further validation of these technologies are needed to facilitate broader clinical implementation.