Availability and Quality of Long-Term Care Services for Older Adults in Five Southeast Asian Countries

This study assessed the current status and quality of long-term care (LTC) services in five Southeast Asian countries, including Cambodia, Thailand, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Myanmar, amid rising demand due to population aging.

A mixed-methods approach was used. First, the relationship between population aging and Universal Health Coverage (UHC) was analyzed using demographic and health system data. Semi-structured interviews were then conducted with key stakeholders involved in care provision for older adults, guided by seven evaluation domains identified through a comprehensive literature review.

Findings revealed a positive association between UHC progress and population aging. LTC organization and delivery varied across countries, reflecting disparities in healthcare infrastructure. Home-based care predominated; however, public service availability and care integration were inconsistent. Dementia care was largely unrecognized and typically managed within households or communities. Use of information and communication technology (ICT) in LTC was minimal or absent. Thailand showed notable progress in linking rehabilitation services to UHC, though workforce shortages and limited access persisted. Preventive care, including frailty prevention, remained underdeveloped.

Substantial variation exists in LTC definitions and delivery across Southeast Asia. While efforts are underway to strengthen home-based care, enhance dementia recognition, integrate ICT, and expand rehabilitation, significant challenges remain. Addressing these is vital to ensure equitable access to quality LTC for older populations in the region.