Feline Mammary Carcinomas: Clinical Perspectives on Diagnosis, Staging, Treatment and Prognosis

Feline mammary carcinomas remain a major therapeutic and prognostic challenge in veterinary oncology because they combine high malignant potential, early dissemination, and substantial heterogeneity in clinicopathologic behaviour. This review summarizes current clinical knowledge on epidemiology, risk factors, diagnostic work-up, staging, treatment, and prognostic assessment of feline mammary carcinomas, highlighting areas of consensus and persistent controversies. Progress in care will require prospective, multicentre studies built on harmonized staging and pathology reporting, enabling risk-adapted treatment pathways that are both evidence-based and clinically actionable.