Formation of 7-cis- and 13-cis-retinal pigments by irradiating squid rhodopsin

Squid rhodopsin was irradiated with orange light (greater than 530 nm) at various temperatures from -190 to 10 degrees C until a photo-steady-state mixture was formed. Then the chromophoric retinals were extracted from the photo-steady-state mixtures and their isomer composition was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. In the case of photo-steady-state mixture formed at -85 degrees C, large peaks in the chromatogram were found at the positions of both 7-cis- and 13-cis-retinals. Each peak was further identified by synthesizing the pigments from these retinals with cattle opsin or apobacteriorhodopsin. Both 7-cis- and 13-cis-retinals were also extracted from a photo-steady-state mixture formed by irradiation at -40, at 0, or at 10 degrees C. These isomers were scarcely detected in a photo-steady-state mixture formed by irradiation at -190 degrees C, though 9-cis-retinal was found as a major constituent in this mixture. Irradiation of lumirhodopsin at -190 degrees C, however, produced 7-cis-retinal pigment. These findings suggest that bathorhodopsin may have a conformation to prevent the formation of 7-cis-retinal from the all-trans form and that this particular conformation may be relaxed by the conversion of bathorhodopsin to lumirhodopsin.