Overview of recent advances in zearalenone (ZEN) research

Zearalenone (ZEN) is a Fusarium derived mycotoxin widely detected in cereals and cereal-based products and recognized for its pronounced estrogenic activity. Although the fundamental aspects of ZEN chemistry, metabolism, and toxicological effects have been well described, recent research has revealed a more complex picture of its biological significance and exposure pathways. Increasing attention has been devoted to biomonitoring approaches that allow the assessment of internal exposure rather than relying solely on contamination levels in food or feed matrices. At the same time, studies on modified and masked forms of ZEN suggest that these derivatives may represent an additional and often underestimated source of exposure. Recent findings also indicate that the toxicological impact of ZEN extends beyond endocrine disruption and may involve effects on intestinal barrier integrity, metabolic regulation, and inflammatory processes. Furthermore, advances in analytical techniques and research on enzymatic degradation and inhibition of Fusarium biosynthesis are expanding possibilities for more effective monitoring and mitigation strategies. This review summarizes recent developments in the understanding of ZEN occurrence, metabolism, toxicity, and detection, highlighting emerging research directions relevant to food safety, animal health, and modern exposure assessment. See also the graphical abstract(Fig. 1).