Carbon Dots as Versatile Nanoplatforms for Ophthalmic Therapeutics

Carbon dots (CDs), an emerging class of carbon-based nanomaterials, have attracted increasing interest in ophthalmology owing to their excellent biocompatibility, unique optical properties, tunable surface chemistry, and superior tissue penetration. These features render CDs highly promising for diagnosis and treatment of a broad spectrum of ocular diseases. This review systematically summarizes recent progress in the application of CDs for ophthalmic therapy, with emphasis on their multifunctional roles in managing keratitis, dry eye disease, retinal disorders, and corneal injury repair. The antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities of CDs are critically discussed, together with their capacity to enhance drug permeation across ocular barriers. In addition, we highlight the potential of CDs as versatile nanoplatforms for drug delivery in ocular nanomedicine. Finally, current challenges regarding long-term safety, standardized biocompatibility assessment, and clinical translation are outlined. Overall, this review provides a concise framework and perspective for the rational design and future development of CD-based therapeutics in ophthalmology.