Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pregnancy: Status and Contributing Factors Among Women in Northern Asir, Saudi Arabia

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a common nutritional disorder during pregnancy and is linked to adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Beyond hematological markers, understanding related sociodemographic, dietary, and clinical factors is important for prevention. This study aimed to assess iron status and examine associations between sociodemographic characteristics, dietary habits, clinical factors, and IDA among pregnant women in Bisha, Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2022 to May 2023 at the Maternity and Children's Hospital in Bisha. The study included 135 pregnant women and 65 non-pregnant controls. Data was collected using a validated questionnaire covering demographics, diet, and clinical history. Blood samples were analyzed to measure hemoglobin, serum iron, ferritin, total and unsaturated iron-binding capacity, and transferrin saturation. Multivariate logistic regression identified independent risk factors for IDA. IDA was highly prevalent among pregnant women, particularly in the second trimester. Compared with controls, affected women had lower hemoglobin, serum iron, ferritin, and transferrin saturation, and higher iron-binding capacity. Lower intake of red meat, poultry, and citrus fruits, rural residence, and family history of anemia were independently associated with IDA. Fatigue and dizziness were more common among affected women.