Related Experiment Video
Updated: Sep 11, 2026
Subcutaneous Trigeminal Nerve Field Stimulation for Refractory Facial Pain
Published on: May 10, 2017
Facial pain in patients with hemifacial spasm: A prospective cohort study
Miriam Carvalho Soares1, Mariana de Almeida Cruz Silva2, Clélia Maria Ribeiro Franco3
1Postgraduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
Objective:
To determine the prevalence and clinical characteristics of facial pain in patients with primary hemifacial spasm (HFS), identify factors associated with its occurrence, and evaluate its longitudinal course following botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) treatment.
Design:
Prospective cohort study with 4 months of follow-up.
Setting:
Tertiary public referral center.
Subjects:
Eighty-seven adults with primary HFS receiving BoNT-A treatment. Median age was 66 years, 71.3% were women, and median disease duration was 13 years (IQR 8-20).
Methods:
Participants underwent standardized assessment using a semi-structured questionnaire, Visual Analog Scale, McGill Pain Questionnaire, facial pain diary, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and Hemifacial Spasm Grading Questionnaire. Clinical characteristics and factors associated with facial pain were analyzed, and pain outcomes were assessed longitudinally following BoNT-A treatment.
Results:
Facial pain was present in 40.2% of patients, predominantly involving the periorbital region (77.1%) and occurring ipsilateral to the spasm (85.7%). Median pain frequency was 5 days/month (IQR 3-15), intensity 6/10 (IQR 5-8), and duration 5 hours (IQR 1-20). In multivariable analysis, facial pain was independently associated with female sex (OR 3.47, 95% CI 1.00-11.97; p = 0.049) and greater subjective disease burden, measured by the HFS Global Subjective score (OR 1.01, 95% CI 1.00-1.03; p = 0.034), but not with objective motor severity. Although 88.2% of patients reported subjective improvement after BoNT-A, objective pain measures remained unchanged during follow-up.
Conclusions:
Facial pain is a frequent non-motor manifestation of HFS, affecting approximately 40% of patients. Its association with greater subjective disease burden, but not objective motor severity, suggests that pain represents a clinically relevant dimension of HFS not captured by motor assessment alone. Routine assessment of facial pain should therefore be incorporated into the comprehensive clinical evaluation of patients with HFS.
