A transition zone enriched WIF1⁺ basal cell subtype is associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia

The cellular composition and disease susceptibilities of the distinct zones of the human prostate remain incompletely understood. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common condition that causes widespread morbidity and is nearly exclusively localized to the transition zone (TZ). Through extensive single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of benign regions from prostatectomy specimens, we identified a basal cell population expressing WIF1, VCAN, and NRG1, among other genes, that was significantly enriched in the TZ. Analysis of previously published scRNA-seq datasets further confirmed that WIF1⁺ basal cells were significantly enriched in BPH compared with normal prostate. Pathway and cell-cell communication analyses revealed that this basal subtype is associated with programs related to cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, immune regulation, angiogenesis, and hormone response. Together, the molecular signature, zonal distribution, and pathway enrichment suggest that TZ-enriched WIF1⁺ basal cells may contribute to BPH pathogenesis by promoting epithelial and stromal remodeling. © 2026 The Author(s). The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.