Key Experimental Therapeutics and Knowledge Gaps in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis (MASH)

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is not solely a disorder of hepatocellular lipid accumulation, but a multicellular disease driven by coordinated metabolic stress, sterile inflammation, fibrogenesis, and niche remodeling. Recent therapeutic progress with the provisional approval of resmetirom and semaglutide has validated MASH as a tractable clinical target. However, many experimental agents have shown limited or inconsistent efficacy, particularly for regression of hepatic fibrosis or cirrhosis, reflecting the biological heterogeneity and dynamic cellular architecture of the disease. Distinct from conventional pathway- or drug class-based reviews, we summarize emerging therapeutics through a liver cell-centered framework, integrating hepatocyte-directed metabolic therapies, immune-cell modulation, hepatic stellate cell-targeted antifibrotic strategies, niche-directed approaches involving liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and cholangiocytes, systemic multi-cell modulators, and precision-delivery technologies. We further compare how these interventions reshape pathogenic communication among hepatic and extrahepatic compartments, while emphasizing unresolved challenges in drug target selection, cellular specificity, disease-stage dependency, safety, and patient stratification. This perspective emphasizes the need to move from isolated pathway targeting toward cell- and network-informed therapeutic strategies supported by spatial multi-omics, human-relevant models, and precision delivery.