Ginseng polysaccharides: Structures-based classification and biological activities-A review

Ginseng polysaccharides are primarily categorized into two group: acidic polysaccharides, which are composed of rhamnogalacturonan I and homogalacturonan domains, and neutral polysaccharides, primarily consisting of glucans. These polysaccharides exhibit valuable pharmacological activities, including immunomodulation, antitumor effects, and antioxidant properties. Numerous studies have confirmed that structural characteristics such as weight-average molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and structural domains of ginseng polysaccharides are closely related to their biological activities. However, research on the correlation between these factors remains fragmented, lacking a systematic integration that elucidates their intrinsic connections. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the structural features and biological activities of ginseng polysaccharides, with a particular focus on their structure-activity relationships. Furthermore, it summarizes the patterns of physical, biological, and chemical transformations of ginseng polysaccharide structures and the resulting changes in their biological activity. We hope this paper provides a theoretical basis and insights for the clinical application and product development of ginseng polysaccharides.