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Updated: Sep 12, 2026

Intracarotid Cancer Cell Injection to Produce Mouse Models of Brain Metastasis
Published on: February 8, 2017
Lung Cancer Brain Metastasis: Brain Microenvironmental Adaptation, Therapeutic Resistance and Translational
Jun Yang1, Junyi Xiong1, Li Ying1
1Department of Neurosurgery, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
Abstract:
Lung cancer brain metastasis (LCBM) remains one of the most challenging clinical conditions limiting survival and neurological function. The development of LCBM is shaped by continuous exchange of molecular signals between tumor cells and the brain microenvironment, involving blood-brain barrier remodeling, glial and immune reprogramming, neuronal signaling, and metabolic adaptation. Together, these phenomena support brain colonization, immune escape, and therapeutic resistance. The management of LCBM has improved with the advent of stereotactic radiotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, chemoimmunotherapy, and antibody-drug conjugates. Yet durable intracranial control is still limited by intrinsic barrier heterogeneity, protected residual intracranial disease, and molecular resistance. This review summarizes recent advances in biology, preclinical modeling, therapeutic resistance, and translational treatment strategies of LCBM. By linking brain-specific metastatic biology with evolving therapeutic approaches, this review provides a framework for understanding LCBM progression and for developing more effective strategies to overcome intracranial resistance.
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