Nerve injury-induced protein 2 preserves lysosomal membrane integrity to suppress ferroptosis

Nerve injury-induced protein 1 (NINJ1), a cell adhesion molecule, is oligomerized during lytic cell death and mediates plasma membrane rupture to release large intracellular molecules that propagate the inflammatory response. We and others previously showed that NINJ2, a close relative of NINJ1, does not promote plasma membrane rupture to spread inflammation. Here, we identify that NINJ2 is necessary for lysosome membrane integrity to protect cells from ferroptosis. Specifically, we found that NINJ2 localizes to lysosomes and interacts with LAMP1, an anchor glycoprotein of the lysosome membranes and a sensor of stressed lysosomes. We also found that loss of NINJ2 exacerbates lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP), which allows for selective leakage of lysosomal contents, such as labile iron, into the cytosol. Accordingly, loss of NINJ2 elevates cellular labile iron accumulation and decreases expression of ferritins, the primary intracellular iron storage protein complexes. Mechanistically, we found that loss of NINJ2 promotes ferritin FTH degradation in lysosomes, which can be reversed by knockdown of LAMP1. Moreover, we found that loss of NINJ2 sensitizes cells to ferroptosis induced by RSL3 and Erastin, consistent with a recent study that loss of NINJ2 predisposes mice to chronic inflammation. Together, these findings uncover a previously unrecognized activity of NINJ2 from lysosome homeostasis to ferroptosis, which can be explored as a cancer therapeutic strategy, especially considering that NINJ2 and ferritins are found to be overexpressed and positively associated with iron-addicted cancers.