Neuroimmune Interactions in Inflammatory Skin and Intestinal Diseases

The nervous and immune systems engage in intricate bidirectional interactions that constitute a central hub in the pathogenesis of cutaneous and intestinal inflammation. As primary barrier organs, the skin and gut share analogous structural and immunological features and are functionally linked through an integrated neuroimmune network and shared inflammatory signaling, forming the "skin-gut axis". Nevertheless, comprehensive and systematic reviews that simultaneously address neurogenic inflammation in both the cutaneous and intestinal compartments remain scarce, and translational research targeting their reciprocal crosstalk is hampered by insufficient clinical evidence and inadequate target precision. In this narrative review, we focus on the neuroimmune mechanisms underlying neurogenic skin disorders, including atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and rosacea. Given the strong association between intestinal inflammation and infection, we further summarize neuroimmune interactions in gut infectious inflammation, with particular emphasis on the unique innervation patterns of the intestine. Additionally, we discuss therapeutic strategies that target convergent and clinically relevant neuroimmune circuits shared by skin and gut inflammation. This review aims to provide a theoretical framework for deciphering the neuroimmune pathogenesis and stereotyped interconnections between skin and gut inflammation, and to inspire novel anti-inflammatory approaches that specifically modulate neuroimmune pathways.