Count Backwards From Ten: Epistemic Injustice and the Patient as Expert in the Operating Theatre

The figure of the 'patient as expert' has reshaped how medicine understands the knowing subject, yet its influence stops at the door of the operating theatre. Perioperative medicine, which comprises the preoperative clinic, the anaesthetic room and the surgical table, is at once the most instrument-saturated arena in clinical practice and the one in which the patient is most completely translated into a body and a stream of numbers before being rendered, by design, unconscious and mute.

To examine the operating theatre as the limit case of the patient-as-expert debate; to distinguish the physiological silencing of anaesthesia, which is a clinical necessity rather than an injustice, from the epistemic injustice that surrounds it; and to translate this analysis into a concrete, testable programme for epistemic justice in perioperative care.

A conceptual and philosophical analysis, drawing on Fricker's account of testimonial and hermeneutical injustice, Dotson's analysis of silencing, the phenomenology of illness developed by Toombs, Leder, Carel and Svenaeus, and Foucault's account of the medical gaze, together with the person-centred care, capability and philosophical-health literatures.

We show how the theatre's gaze and its production pressures conspire to make the patient's testimony hard to hear; that general anaesthesia abolishes, for a time, the lived body from which patient knowledge is drawn, so raising rather than lowering the stakes of gathering that knowledge before the silence and crediting it after; that the several mechanisms at work, testimonial and hermeneutical injustice, structural silencing, production pressure and the authority of the anaesthetic record, must be told apart; and that accidental awareness is the emblem of the perioperative economy of credibility. Throughout, the patient is treated not only as a source of clinically useful information but as an interpreting and valuing person whose standing is what is finally at stake.

The operating theatre is the sharpest and most instructive test case for taking the patient seriously as a knower. We propose a concrete, testable programme for epistemic justice in perioperative care, continuous with the specialty's existing safety culture.