Molecular crosstalk between gas transmitters and catecholamine biosynthesis pathways: a narrative review

Catecholamines, particularly the hormone and neurotransmitter epinephrine, are important regulators of blood pressure and cardiovascular function. The expression of genes encoding catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes is subject to strict transcriptional regulation through both hormonal and neuronal mechanisms. These genes are also regulated by hypoxia and reactive oxygen species. A class of small gaseous transmitters, known as gas transmitters, serve as potent regulators of blood pressure and hypoxic signaling; however, their roles in catecholamine biosynthesis remain poorly understood. This manuscript reviews the current state of catecholamine and gas transmitter research, particularly their interactions in relation to hypertension. Current evidence shows that the gas transmitters nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide modulate catecholamine biosynthesis and release through both shared and distinct mechanisms. This regulation is highly dependent on concentration, cellular context, and mode of delivery. Additionally, this review explores hypoxic signaling as a link between catecholamines and gas transmitters. Together, these findings highlight a complex and context-dependent regulatory signaling between gas transmitters and catecholamines. Further mechanistic studies investigating endogenous signaling are required to elucidate these interactions and their therapeutic potential.