Pharmacogenomics and artificial intelligence in cardiovascular disease: emerging tools for precision medicine

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain a predominant cause of mortality and morbidity globally. Conventional therapy methods may be constrained by their inadequate acknowledgment of individual genetic and clinical variations. In this context, pharmacogenetics and artificial intelligence (AI) applications, essential elements of the precision medicine approach, present a novel paradigm for the management of cardiovascular disorders. Pharmacogenetics elucidates the genetic basis of individual responses to drugs, thereby improving treatment success and minimizing adverse drug effects. Conversely, artificial intelligence facilitates enhanced diagnostic accuracy, risk assessment, and treatment strategy formulation through the analysis of extensive and complex clinical, genetic, and imaging datasets. The amalgamation of these two domains provides substantial benefits in formulating tailored treatment plans and enhances clinical decision-making processes. Nonetheless, obstacles including data security, ethical concerns, and insufficient clinical validation hinder the extensive adoption of these technologies. In conclusion, the integration of pharmacogenetics and artificial intelligence has considerable promise for the enhanced, secure, and individualized management of cardiovascular illnesses. PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for relevant literature published from 1990 to 2026, with particular emphasis on recent and clinically relevant studies.