Local delivery of interferon restores antigen presentation and sensitizes medulloblastoma to T cell killing

Medulloblastomas are considered immunologically cold and refractory to immunotherapy. One factor contributing to their low immunogenicity is impaired antigen presentation, which allows tumor cells to evade cytotoxic T cells. Using a syngeneic mouse model of medulloblastoma, we demonstrate that despite low expression of MHC class I on tumor cells, depletion of CD8⁺ T cells accelerates tumor growth, whereas adoptive transfer of tumor-reactive CD8⁺ T cells prolongs survival. These antitumor effects rely on T cell-derived interferon gamma (IFNγ), which induces MHC class I on tumor cells and facilitates tumor cell killing by T cells. Importantly, delivering IFNγ directly into tumors via convection-enhanced delivery enhances CD8⁺ T cell-mediated killing of tumor cells and significantly prolongs survival in tumor-bearing mice. These studies highlight the importance of T cells in controlling brain tumors and the value of IFNγ as an adjuvant for T cell-based immunotherapy.