Integrated sustainability evaluation of electrochemical quantification of flibanserin and caffeine in various...

Sustainable chemistry is increasingly used in pharmaceutical analysis to reduce environmental impact while improving laboratory personnel safety. This study describes the first sustainable electrochemical method for determining flibanserin (FLB) and caffeine (CAF) in various matrices, including bulk powder, pharmaceutical dosage form, and human plasma samples. FLB is used for the treatment of Hypoactive sexual desire disorder, while CAF may be co-administered with FLB as part of the therapeutic regimen, highlighting the need for reliable methods for their simultaneous determination. The experimental parameters were optimized using a zinc oxide nanoparticle polyethylene glycol -modified carbon paste electrode as working electrode at scan rate of 100 mV s^-1, and Britton-Robinson buffer (pH 7) as the supporting electrolyte using square wave voltammetry. Both analytes showed linear responses from 5.00 × 10^-7 M to 100.00 × 10^-7 M. The limits of detection for FLB and CAF were 1.617 × 10^-7 M and 1.265 × 10^-7 M, respectively. The limits of quantification were 4.851 × 10^-7 M for FLB and 3.795 × 10^-7 M for CAF. The method demonstrated satisfactory analytical performance and was validated in accordance with ICH guidelines. Student's t-test and F-test showed no significant differences between the proposed and reported methods. Sustainability was comprehensively evaluated using the Carbon Footprint Reduction Index, Multi-Color Assessment Tool, Analytical Green Star Area, and Click Analytical Chemistry Index. Overall, the proposed method provides a rapid, sensitive, and sustainable alternative for the simultaneous determination of FLB and CAF.