Genotoxic Activity of Cerastes cerastes Viper Venom Using Alkaline Single-Cell Gel Electrophoresis

In Morocco, Cerastes cerastes snake is responsible for numerous cases of human envenomation, leading to both local and systemic pathophysiological disturbances. This study provides a first preliminary evaluation of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of its venom on genomic material (Deoxyribonucleotide acid: DNA). The venom protein profile was characterized using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and its median lethal dose (LD₅₀) was determined by intraperitoneal injection in mice. Genotoxicity was assessed using the alkaline comet assay (single-cell gel electrophoresis) on peripheral blood cells following in vitro and in vivo venom treatments with sampling performed between 1 and 24 h after exposure. Concurrently, cell death was evaluated using the trypan blue exclusion assay as an indicator of venom-induced cytotoxicity. DNA damage parameters, including percentage of DNA in the head, tail and tail length, were quantified using OpenComet software. The venom exhibited a protein-rich composition and an LD₅₀ of 34.64 µg/mouse. The comet assay revealed statistically significant DNA damage compared to the control group. Partial to complete DNA repair was noted after 24 h depending on the administered dose. These findings confirm those obtained with cell death assay. All results indicate that Moroccan C. cerastes venom induces transient DNA damage, potentially associated with oxidative stress mechanisms leading to cytotoxicity. It is primordial to characterize target venom-molecules exhibiting genetic failure in order to find an adequate therapeutic approach.