The Immune Landscape of Chondrosarcoma: A Review of Tumor-Related Immune Cells

Chondrosarcoma (CS) is a rare cancer comprising a heterogeneous group of malignant cartilage-forming tumors. CS is considered a "surgical disease" characterized by high levels of resistance to chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and limited response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Due to the rarity of the disease and lack of research models, the impact of the CS microenvironment on tumor development and progression remains elusive. Nevertheless, a few recent studies have begun to interpret the composition and function of the CS tumor immune microenvironment (TME), elucidating its contribution to immune evasion and tumor progression. This review summarizes current findings on the immune cell landscape of CS, highlighting key immune cells, their characteristics, and their potential as therapeutic targets.