Camel Milk and Its Bioactive Components in Diseases Associated with Aging: A Narrative Review

Camel milk has long been used as a traditional health-promoting food, and growing biomedical evidence now supports its modulatory effects across multiple age-related conditions. This narrative review evaluates current experimental and clinical findings on the effects of camel milk across major categories of age-related disease, spanning metabolic dysregulation, cardiovascular pathology, neurological dysfunction, and immune-inflammatory conditions. Across these conditions, camel milk has been reported to modulate oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and metabolic homeostasis through shared molecular pathways, including NF-κB, MAPK, PI3K/AKT, and PPAR-α/γ signaling. Mapping these effects against the twelve hallmarks of aging reveals particular engagement with chronic inflammation, deregulated nutrient sensing, and dysbiosis. Collectively, the available evidence supports a biologically plausible role for camel milk in modulating key pathological processes associated with age-related disease. However, the clinical evidence remains limited across most disease areas, and future research should prioritize standardized clinical trials and systematic mechanistic validation, with particular attention paid to the bioavailability and dose-response characterization of key bioactive components. This review provides an integrative synthesis of camel milk research within the hallmarks of the aging framework, offering a cross-disease mechanistic perspective that extends beyond single-disease or compositional approaches.