A Scalable Surface Passivation Technology for Large-Area Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules

Solid-phase passivation offers greater potential for enhancing the device performance of large-area perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Unlike their solution-processed counterparts, solid-phase passivation is readily scalable to commercialized size, exhibits reduced solvent dependence, and permits a broader selection of passivating agents. Here, we develop a laminator-assisted solid-phase surface passivation strategy for large-area devices. The passivator, 1-naphthylmethylamine iodide (NMAI), effectively passivates surface Pb2+ and I- defects, substantially suppressing nonradiative carrier recombination. As a result, the open-circuit voltage (VOC) is increased from 1.10 to 1.18 V, and the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the PSCs is improved from 23.05 to 25.27% with the solid-phase passivation of NMAI. The optimized PSCs also exhibited remarkable stability, with the encapsulated PSCs retaining 89% of their initial efficiency after 900 h of storage under harsh conditions (85 °C and 85% RH). Furthermore, a perovskite solar module with an aperture area of 21 cm2 achieves a PCE of 21.44%. This work demonstrates that the solid-phase passivation strategy offers a scalable and solvent-independent route toward commercial photovoltaic modules.