Sex Differences in Helicobacter pylori Antimicrobial Resistance among 890 Subjects over 20 Years in a Korean Tertiary...

Although sex-based differences in Helicobacter pylori eradication success rates and antibiotic resistance profiles have been suggested, which are essential for effective eradication of H. pylori, evidence remains limited. The aim of this study was to investigate sex-based differences in antibiotic resistance patterns of H. pylori to better inform eradication strategies.

Subjects from whom H. pylori colonies were isolated from gastric mucosal biopsy specimens were consecutively enrolled between 2003 and 2025. Minimum inhibitory concentration tests were performed for amoxicillin, clarithromycin, metronidazole, tetracycline, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin using the agar dilution method.

A total of 890 subjects (510 males and 380 females) were included. Females demonstrated higher resistance rates to clarithromycin (50.0% vs 35.9%; p<0.001), metronidazole (45.3% vs 38.4%; p=0.041), levofloxacin (45.8% vs 33.7%; p<0.001), and moxifloxacin (45.5% vs 34.1%; p=0.001) than males did; however, no significant differences were found for amoxicillin or tetracycline. Stratified analyses revealed significant sex differences in resistance to clarithromycin and levofloxacin among secondary strains (clarithromycin, 80.9% vs. 67.2%, p=0.007; levofloxacin, 61.1% vs. 48.9%, p=0.034), whereas metronidazole resistance among primary strains showed only a marginal sex difference (40.8% vs. 33.2%, p=0.064). Females also demonstrated significantly higher rates of multidrug resistance, and resistance rates progressively increased over time in both sexes.

Female subjects with H. pylori infection showed higher resistance rates to clarithromycin, metronidazole, fluoroquinolones, and multidrug regimens than males. These findings highlight the importance of considering sex differences when interpreting antimicrobial resistance patterns and selecting eradication strategies. (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT05247112).