Associations between social network characteristics and daily social experiences in later life: Evidence from...

Sociological theory posits that social networks function as enduring relational structures that constrain and enable everyday social interactions, yet empirical evidence linking network properties to real-time social exposures remains limited. To address this gap, this study examines how older adults' social networks are associated with their daily social experiences.

Using data from the Social Environment and Cognitive Health in Urban and Rural Areas (SECHURA) study, we combine egocentric network data (1,474 alters from 254 respondents) with ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data capturing real-time social interactions over one week (5,342 observations). We evaluate associations between three network properties-structure (quantity, composition, and interconnectedness of network members), heterogeneity (diversity in gender, race/ethnicity, and age), and strength (strong and supportive ties) - and four momentary outcomes (number and type of interaction partners, social activities, and being outside the home).

Random-effects models show that larger and more socially diverse networks are associated with greater momentary social engagement, including more interaction partners, less time alone, and more explicit socializing. Both role diversity and network density are associated with heightened social exposure, through distinct pathways. Sociodemographic heterogeneity also predicts interaction patterns, with age heterogeneity linked to kin-centered interactions and racial heterogeneity to non-kin exposure. Stronger affective ties predicted less engagement in explicit socializing.

Personal social networks operate as critical structures linked to the quantity, composition, and context of older adults' real-time social exposures. Large, densely connected, and role-diverse networks appear to facilitate everyday interactions through different mechanisms.