The coherent regulatory approach to the protection of dark and quiet skies

The protection of Dark and Quiet Skies (D&QS) has become an urgent concern due to increasing levels of ground-based light pollution (LP) and the rapid deployment of satellites, which have introduced significant new sources of orbital LP and radio frequency interference (RFI), affecting both astronomical observations and other services. These have prompted a growing policy response, with regulatory instruments emerging to protect D&QS from both terrestrial and space-based activities. This article examines various regulatory approaches adopted to address the impacts of LP and RFI across both terrestrial and orbital environments. This paper shifts the focus from impact to governance, examining how different jurisdictions have begun to recognise LP and RFI and what measures are being used to reduce their harmful effects. The article aims to explore and map the regulatory landscape, highlight main trends, and suggest practical ways to mitigate current concerns, such as through a more coherent regulatory approach.