Bioelectronic interfaces for restoring vision pathways

Myopia remains a major global ophthalmic challenge, as existing interventions can slow but rarely halt disease progression or reverse the underlying pathological remodeling. Recent advances in bioelectronics, nanotechnology and neuroengineering have enabled the development of self-powered bioelectronic interfaces for precision ophthalmic therapy. This Review discusses triboelectric and piezoelectric nanogenerators for restoring vision pathways and regulating ocular homeostasis. Key mechanisms underlying myopia progression, including retinal neurotransmission imbalance, scleral remodeling and aberrant visual feedback signalling, are summarized to establish a mechanistic framework for bioelectronic intervention. The therapeutic and diagnostic potential of multifunctional bioelectronic platforms for ocular modulation, targeted drug delivery, controlled release and real-time sensing is then examined. The integration of wearable and implantable ophthalmic devices with artificial intelligence and closed-loop regulation is further highlighted. To provide broad engineering and translational perspectives, representative ophthalmic bioelectronics, such as wireless contact lenses and photovoltaic retinal prostheses-are discussed as architectural reference models. Finally, major translational challenges including long-term biocompatibility, device miniaturization, energy stability and regulatory considerations, are discussed. These next-generation biointerfaces may enable adaptive neuromodulation, real-time visual decoding and seamless integration with digital therapeutics, establishing a new paradigm for precision ophthalmology and functional vision restoration.