Characteristics and causes of ocular trauma - A retrospective, multi-center study

Ocular trauma remains a significant public health concern worldwide, with regional variations in its incidence and characteristics. This study aimed to examine the trends and features of ocular trauma in the Asser region of Saudi Arabia, where limited data currently exist.

A retrospective study was conducted using medical records from patients treated in the Ophthalmology Departments of three hospitals in the Asser region between January 1, 2010, and December 30, 2022. The collected data included demographics, injury details, symptoms, treatment timing, hospitalization, interventions, and visual outcomes. Descriptive statistics were used for analysis.

A total of 148 patients were included in the study. Open globe injuries were the most common (66.3%), with penetrating injuries being the most frequent subtype (55.4%). Closed globe injuries (contusions) accounted for 33.8% of cases. Most injuries occurred at home (40.5%) or during transportation (34.5%), with driving being the most frequently reported circumstance (36.5%). Common symptoms were pain (64.9%), reduced visual acuity (54.1%), and redness (18.2%). Notably, 98.0% of patients did not wear protective eyewear. Regarding treatment timing, 43.2% received care within 12 h, while 31.8% waited over 24 h. Hospitalization was required in 75.7% of cases, with 7.4% involving orbital fractures. The most frequent interventions included primary corneal closure and globe repair. Visual outcomes showed temporary impairment in 46.6% of patients, no impairment in 45.3%, and permanent impairment in 8.1%.

This study highlights the distinct patterns of ocular trauma in the Asser region, providing essential data for improving preventive strategies and healthcare responses. Further research is necessary to reduce ocular trauma incidence in similar settings.