[The experience sampling method and its clinical perspectives: a tool for measuring psychological functioning in...

The dynamic interplay of cognitions, affective states, and behavior, along with their contextual embeddedness and differences between individuals - constitutes a central determinant of mental well-being. Empirical research investigating these aspects has traditionally relied on cross-sectional self-report measures capturing global self-concepts or retrospective accounts spanning weeks to months, as well as assessments conducted under controlled laboratory conditions. However, results derived from such research have limited ecological validity, are susceptible to recall bias, and their conclusions do not always generalize to the everyday functioning of individuals. In our paper, we present the experience sampling method (experience sampling method; ESM), a method that enables the real-time assessment of psychological phenomena and processes within the context of everyday life. During the procedure, participants typically report on their momentary thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and related contextual factors multiple times a day over several days. This allows the examination of psychological functioning with high temporal resolution and ecological validity. The aim of this paper is to provide a brief methodological overview of the experience sampling method, the possibilities for analyzing and interpreting the data obtained, and to present the main areas of application and clinical uses of the method. Finally, we will also address the general limitations of experience sampling and the challenges of its implementation in specialized care. (Neuropsychopharmacol Hung 2026; 28(3): 199-212) Keywords: experience sampling method, longitudinal study methods, ecological validity, clinical application.