Two decades of microbiome forensics: Bibliometric insights into publication trends, applications and methodological...

Microbiome forensics focuses on complex microbial communities for use as unique identification methods for forensic inferences. They include individual identification, crime scene reconstruction, and estimation of post-mortem intervals. This study adopts a bibliometric approach to assess the global scientific output and knowledge structure of the microbiome forensics, applications and methodological advancement in microbiome forensics. A total of 220 documents spanning two decades (2005 to 2024) were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection using related keywords. Of the total number of scientific publications, 6306 citations were found, with an average of 28.66 citations per publication. The United States dominated this domain with the most publications, followed by China, Australia, England, and Germany. Although Michigan State University had the highest number of citations, but the works produced by the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique in Paris, France, had the highest research impact. Research trend mapping of keyword co-occurrence revealed five major clusters of forensic microbiome research: i. post-mortem interval estimation, ii. human identification, iii. Body fluid identification, iv. geolocation and provenance, and v. computational methods. Subsequent analyses indicated that forensic microbiome research has evolved from the use of culture-based and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of 16S rRNA for microbial identification before 2017 to the application of next generation sequencing (NGS) coupled with machine learning and bioinformatics from 2018 onwards. The findings of this study may be used to strategically inform knowledge gaps and key areas for future investigations in this field. In addition, building partnerships between forensic societies is needed not only to effectively move the field forward through the development of standardised protocols and quality assurance but also in exchanging expertise with developing countries, where knowledge is urgently needed to resolve crime cases.